Prevalencia del sindrome metabolico en niños y adolescentes chilenos con historia familiar de enfermedades cronicas no transmisibles

La historia familiar (HF) de Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles (ECNT), aumentaría el riesgo de síndrome metabólico (SM). En Chile, el SM afecta al 27% de niños con sobrepeso, y la hiperglicemia de ayuno (HA) es el trastorno menos prevalente (4.0%). El objetivo fue estudiar la prevalencia del SM y de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) en niños con sobrepeso e HF de ECNT analizando su asociación con el número de parientes afectados y con la historia parental (HP). En 183 niños con IMC ≥p85 de 11,8 ± 1,8 años (86 varones) e HF (padres y/o abuelos) de ECNT, se evaluó el z IMC (CDC / NCHS), el perímetro de cintura, la presión arterial, la glicemia, la insulina, los triglicéridos y el colesterol-HDL. El SM y los FRCV fueron diagnosticados por el criterio de Cook y la insulinoresistencia (IR) por el HOMA-IR. Se utilizaron Chi², ANOVA, t Student y Willcoxon. La HF de DM2, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia fue de 81,4 %, 88,0 % y 71,6 % respectivamente. La prevalencia del SM fue de 46,5%, asociándose a la magnitud del sobrepeso y a la HP de ECNT. La prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia y de hiperglicemia de ayuno fueron de 54,6% y 31,4% respectivamente. No hubo asociación entre el número de parientes con HF y el perfil cardiovascular y metabólico del niño. Se concluye, que la HF de ECNT, se asocia a una mayor prevalencia del SM, de dislipidemia y de hiperglicemia de ayuno que la observada en población general de niños con sobrepeso.

Metabolic syndrome prevalence in Chilean children and adolescent with family history of chronic noncommunicable diseases. . Family history (FH+) of non transmisible chronic diseases (NTCD) increase MetS risk. In Chile, the MetS affects 27% of overweight children, and fasting hyperglycemia is very low prevalent (4,0%). The objective was to study the prevalence of MetS and the cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in overweight children with a family background of NTCD and analyze its association with the number of relatives witth NTCD and with parental history (PH). In 183 overweight children (BMI ≥p85) mean age 11,8 ± 1,8 (86 males) with a FH+ (parental or grandparental) of NTCD, were assessed the BMI z (CDC / NCHS), waist circumference, blood arterial pressure, fasting Glucose and Insulin (RIA), triglycerides, HDL chol. The MetS and the CVRF were diagnosed using the Cook phenotype and the insulin resistance (IR) through the HOMA-IR. Chi², ANOVA, t Student and Willcoxon test were performed. The frequency of FH+ of DM2, hypertension and dyslipidemia were 81,4 %, 88,0 % and 71,6 % respectively. The MeTS prevalence was 46,5 % associated to overweight magnitude an parental history of NTCD. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 54,6%, while fasting hyperglycemia affected 31,4% of the sample. There was no association between number of relatives with NTCD and CV risk profile. We conclude that in overweight children with FH+ of NTCD, the prevalence of MetS, dyslipidemia and fasting hyperglycemia are significantly higher, than those observed in the general population of obese children.

Ingesta y metabolismo energético en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos con sobrepeso y obesidad / Intake and energy metabolism in a sample of overweight and obese Chilean adolescents

Background: In the last decades, a seven to nine fold increase in the prevalence of teenage obesity and overweight has occurred. Aim: To assess energy intake and metabolism in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. Material and Methods: In a sample of 113 overweight and obese Chilean adolescents (aged 13 to 16 years, 67 females) we studied anthropometry, body composition by deuterium isotope dilution water, resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry and 24-h diet and physical activity recalls. Results: Most participants (87 percent of men and 67.2 percent of women) had an intake that was adequate compared to requirements (fAO/WHO 2005). However, 82.6 percent of men and 83.6 percent of women showed reduced energy expenditure. The sample was classifed as sedentary, with a physical activity level of 1.29. Conclusions: In our sample of overweight and obese adolescents there was a sedentary behavior, resulting in low energy expenditure that would explain a sustained caloric retention. Preventive and therapeutic interventions should encourage the increase in physical activity.

Consenso elaborado por la Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes sobre resistencia a la insulina(RI) y síndrome metabólico (SM): aspectos clínicos y terapéuticos / Chilean society of endocrinology and diabetes consensus on clinical and therapeutic aspects of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome

Background: The concept insulin resistance as the basis for a series of metabolic alterations and diseases was introduced by Gerald Reaven in 1988, when he described a cluster of alterations that named syndrome X. Aim: To review and discuss the present information about insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS). Material and methods: The IR concept is defined,the affected metabolic ways, its consequences and relationship with different diseases are presented. The importance of central obesity with its metabolic, inflammatory and prothrombotic consequences playing a key role in cardiovascular risk, is discussed. The cluster of factors focused on cardiovascular disease and eventually diabetes is named MS. Several definitions of MS are analyzed and compared. A proposition is made about the definition to be used in the Chilean population. Differences between IR syndrome and MS are discussed. Diagnostic methods of IR and MS are presented, recommendations are made about their usefulness and reliability. Non pharmacological and pharmacological treatments of IR and MS are analyzed. Other related diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, non alcoholic steatohepatitis and sleep apnea are discussed. Conclusions. Until further studies are made to define a local waist circumference cut-off associated with high risk, the ATPIII MS definition is preferred. A clinical approach is recommended for diagnosis. A search for all components of the MS is important. There is no evidence about the benefits of MS treatment on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. Evidence supports the use of lifestyle changes and some drugs, such as metformin on the prevention of diabetes in prediabetic states.

Hábitos de ingesta y actividad física en escolares, según tipo de establecimiento al que asisten / Dietary intake and physical activity in school age children

Background: The increased infantile obesity rates are related to faulty dietary intake (DI) and physical activity (PA) habits, that are probably related to a prolonged stay at school during the day. Aim: To investigate DI and PA among elementary and high school students and their association with type of school that they attend. Material and Methods: Quality of DI and PA was assessed, using specially designed questionnaires, in 1136 elementary school and 1854 high school children attending public schools managed by city halls (ME), subsidized private (SE) and private (PE) of the Metropolitan Region. The responses to the questionnaires, were qualified using a numeric scale that ranged from 0 to 10 points. A higher score indicated a better habit. Results: Percentile 25 (p 25 th) PA score was 4 and 3 in elementary and high school children respectively and the p 25 th for DI were 5.7 and 4.3, respectively. No differences in DI scores, according to the type of school, were observed. However, physical activity scores were significantly lower in children and adolescents from ME schools than from PE schools. Sixty percent of ME schools had ¡ess than 2 hours per week of programmed physical activity compared to more than 3 hours, in 70 percent of PE schools. Elementary school children and high school adolescents expended 8 and 11 hours per day, respectively, in minimum expenditure activities. Conclusions: There is a greater deterioration of PA than DI among school age children and adolescents. Those attending ME schools have the worst physical activity scores. This fact must be addressed in future healthy lifestyle encouragement policies.

Sensibilidad insulínica en niños de 6 a 15 años: asociación con estado nutricional y pubertad / Insulin sensitivity in children aged 6 to 16 years: Association with nutritional status and pubertal development

Backgrounds: There is a high prevalence of obesity and hyperinsulinism among Chilean prepuberal children. Aim: To evaluate insulin sensitivity (IS) using fasting insulin, the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in Chilean children. Material and Methods: Body mass index (BMI), total body fat percentage ( percentTBF) using the sum of 4 skin folds, abdominal obesity determined through waist circumference (WC), pubertal maturation using five Tanner stages, fasting glucose (Glu) and insulin (Ins), were measured in 354 children aged 6 to 15 years (173 males). IS was evaluated using HOMA and QUICKI. Results: IS was strongly associated with percentTBF and WC. Ins, HOMA and QUICKI were significantly correlated with BMI (r =0.412; 0.405 y -0.442, respectively), percentTBF (r =0.370; 0.367 y -0.394, respectively), and WC (r =0.452; 0.446 y -0.481, respectively). Ins and HOMA increased and QUICKI decreased significantly (p <0.0001) with age. Children in a similar Tanner stage did not have differences in Ins, HOMA and QUICKI. No differences in Ins, HOMA and QUICKI were observed between children in Tanner stages 1 and 2. However, children in Tanner stages 1 and 2, had significantly lower Ins and HOMA and higher QUICKI than those in Tanner 3 to 5 stages. The highest Ins quartile for Tanner stages 1 and 2 was 10.0 æUI/dl; for Tanner stages 3 to five, the figure was 15.6 æUI/dl. Conclusions: These results confirm the relationship of IS with BMI, percentTBF, WC and pubertal maturation. IS decreases significantly and fasting Ins levels increase approximately 50 percent with puberty. This fact must be considered for the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance in children.

Comportamiento de parámetros dialíticos y nutricionales en peritoneo diálisis pediátrica / Behaviour of dialysis and nutritional parameters in paediatric peritoneal dialysis (PD)

El manejo de pacientes pediátricos en diálisis peritoneal requiere la vigilancia continua de la dosis de diálisis y el apoyo nutricional, para lograr el mejor crecimiento y desarrollo posibles en el niño urémico. Para esto se requiere medir una serie de variables dialíticas y nutricionales que permitirán un ajuste continuo de nuestra terapia. Objetivos: 1) conocer el valor de diferentes parámetros dialíticos y nutricionales en niños en diálisis peritoneal crónica, 2) calcular la dosis de diálisis (Kt/V), la velocidad de catabolismo proteico (VCP), el Equivalente de la Aparición de Nitrógeno Ureico (PNA), el Balance nitrogenado, el test de Equilibrio Peritoneal (PET) y 3) calcular la correlación entre ellas. Pacientes y Método: Se evaluó en forma prospectiva 15 niños en diálisis peritoneal crónica, realizando 59 mediciones en 6 meses de seguimiento. Se controló mensualmente las variables clínicas: peso, talla, superficie corporal, volumen urinario y volumen de dializado de 24 hrs; se midió en plasma, orina y dializado en forma simultánea: creatinina, proteína, albúmina y nitrógeno ureico; y estudio ácido base y electrolitos en plasma. Se mantuvo un aporte proteico calórico según recomendaciones RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances), y se calculó el Kt/Vurea peritoneal y residual mensual, el PET cada 6 meses, y la VCP, Balance Nitrogenado y PNA mensuales. Resultados: El Kt/V urea promedio residual y total fue de 1,49 ± 1 y 3,41 ± 0,86 respectivamente. Se demostró una correlación positiva entre el Kt/V y la depuración de creatinina residual (p < 0,05). El PET al inicio y fin del estudio para D/ Pcreatinina hora 4 fue 0,78 ± 0,01 y 0,74 ± 0,13 respectivamente (p = n.s.), y para el D4/D0 glucosa los valores fueron 0,35 ± 0,11 y 0,34 ± 0,08 (p = n.s.). La ingesta diaria proteica fue de 3,32 ± 1,05 y el catabolismo proteico 1,32 ± 0,47 gr/kg/día, con un Balance Nitrogenado de + 2,0 gr/kg/día, y un PNAn de 0,94 ± 0,33. El Kt/ V residual y total se correlacionaron significativamente con el PNAn, y se encontró una correlación significativa pero negativa entre ingesta proteica y bicarbonato plasmático (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Las variables estudiadas muestran un balance proteico positivo y un Kt/V superior a las recomendaciones para adultos, sugiriendo que mayor dosis de diálisis se asocia a mejores indicadores nutricionales. La correlación negativa entre bicarbonato en plasma e ingesta proteica sugiere una relación entre el aporte proteico y acidosis, lo cual requiere una cuidadosa supervisión.

The management of children on PD requires constant monitoring of the dose of dialysis and nutritional support in order to maximise growth and development in the uraemic child. The measurement of a series of dialytic and nutritional variables allow the adjustment of treatment to the childs needs. Objectives: 1) to measure the different variables in child undergoing PD, 2) calculate the dialysis dose (Kt/V), the protein catabolic rate (PCR), the urea equivalent of nitrogen appearence (PNA), the nitrogen balance, the peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) and, 3) to determine the correlation between them. Patients and Methods: A prospective study of 15 children undergoing chronic PD, with 59 serial measurements in a 6 month period. Monthly measurements of weight/height, body surface area, urine volume, dialysis volume in 24 hrs, and the values of creatine, protein, albumin and urea in plasma, urine and dialysate, and in plasma the acid-base and electrolytes. A diet containing proteins according to RDA was given. Kt/V urea peritoneal and residual, PCR, PNA and nitrogen balance were measured monthly, PET every 6 months. Results: The mean Kt/V residual and total was 1.49 ± 1 and 3.41 ± 0.86 respectively. A positive correlation between Kt/v and residual creatine clearence was found (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the PET for creatinin (4th hour) or glucose D4/D0 at the beginning and end of the study, 0.78 ± 0.01 and 0.74 ± 0.13 for creatinine and 0.35 ± 0.11 and 0.34 ± 0.08 respectively. Dietary protein intake was 3.32 ± 1.05, protein catabolism 1.32 ± 0.47 gm/kg/day, with a nitrogen balance of 2 gm/kg/day and a PNAn of 0.94 ± 0.33. Total and residual Kt/V was correlated with the PNAn, and a negative correlation between protein intake and plama bicarbonate was found. Conclusions: The variables studied show a positive protein balance and a Kt/V greater than the recommended for adults, suggesting that bigger dialysis doses results in a better nutritional status. The negative correlation between plasma bicarbonate and protein intake suggests a relation between protein intake and acidosis, of which needs to be carefully monitored.

Comportamiento de parámetros dialíticos y nutricionales en peritoneo diálisis pediátrica / Behaviour of dialysis and nutritional parameters in paediatric peritoneal dialysis (PD)

El manejo de pacientes pediátricos en diálisis peritoneal requiere la vigilancia contínua de la dosis de diálisis y el apoyo nutricional, para lograr el mejor crecimiento y desarrollo posibles en el niño urémico. Para esto se requiere medir una serie de variables dialíticas y nutricionales que permitirán un ajuste continuo de nuestra terapia. Objetivos: 1) conocer el valor de diferentes parámetros dialíticos y nutricionales en niños en diálisis peritoneal crónica, 2) calcular las dosis de diálisis (Kt/V), la velocidad de catabolismo proteico (VCP), el Equivalente de la Aparición de Nitrógeno Ureico (PNA), el Balance nitrogenado, el test de Equilibrio Peritoneal (PET) y 3) calcular la correlación entre ellas. Pacientes y Método: Se evaluó en forma prospectiva 15 niños en diálisis peritoneal crónica, realizando 59 mediciones en 6 meses de seguimiento. Se controló mensualmente las variables clínicas: peso, talla, superficie corporal, volumen urinario y volumen de dializado de 24 hrs; se midió en plasma, orina y dializado en forma simultánea: creatinina, proteína, albúmina y nitrógeno ureico; y estudio ácido base y electrolitos en plasma. Se mantuvo un aporte proteico calórico según recomendaciones RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances), y se calculó el Kt/V urea peritoneal y residual mensual, el PET cada 6 meses, y la VCP, Balance Nitrogenado y PNA mensuales. Resultados: El Kt/V urea promedio residual y total fue de 1,49 ± 1 y 3,41 ± 0,86 respectivamente. Se demostró una correlación positiva entre el Kt/V y la depuración de creatinina residual (p < 0,05). El PET al inicio y fin del estudio para D/P creatinina hora 4 fue 0,78 ± 0,01 y 0,74 ± 0,13 respectivamente (p = n.s.), y para el D4/D0 glucosa los valores fueron 0,35 ± 0,11 y 0,34 ± 0,08 (p = n.s.). La ingesta diaria proteica fue de 3,32 ± 1,05 y el catabolismo proteico 1,32 ± 0,47 gr/kg/día, con un Balance Nitrogenado de + 2,0 gr/kg/día, y un PNAn de 0,94 ± 0,33. El Kt/V residual y total se correlacionaron significativamente con el PNAn, y se encontró una correlación significativa pero negativa entre ingesta proteica y bicarbonato plasmático (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Las variables estudiadas muestran un balance proteico positivo y un Kt/V superior a las recomendaciones para adultos, sugiriendo que mayor dosis de diálisis se asocia a mejores indicadores nutricionales.